本课程根据外国学生学习汉语的特点,比较系统地介绍了汉语的主要语法,像词类、句子成分、单句、复句、篇章、表达方法,等等;着重指出了外国学习者学习汉语语法的难点和重点,并通过大量有针对性的练习,帮助学习者去掌握、运用,从而提高学习者的汉语水平。
According to the characteristics of the foreign student learning Chinese, this course systematically introduces the main grammar of Chinese, such as part of speech, sentence constituent, single sentence, complex sentence, discourse, expression method. This course emphatically points out the important and difficult points in the foreign student’s Chinese grammar learning, and through a large number of targeted trainings, the course helps learners to master and use, thus to improve Chinese level of the learner.
按能否带宾语分类 动词有的可以带名词或者短语和代词作宾语 Verbs can be grouped into two kinds according to whether they take an object.
Verbs which can be followed immediately by an object are called transitive verbs.
而有的呢不能带这种宾语,据此呢可以把动词分为及物动词和不及物动词 (1)及物动词。 Verbs which cannot immediately take an object are called intransitive verbs.(1)transitive verbs
可以带名词 或者短语和代词作宾语的呢叫做及物动词 像"看、 找、 写、 Take nouns or nominal phrases and pronouns as an object, such as 看、 找、 写、
做、 骑、 穿、 喝、 研究、 学习"等 我们来看下例子:我看电影。 做、 骑、 穿、 喝、 研究、 学习 etc. Let's have a look at the examples.I go to the movies
这个"看"是一个动词 它的后面有"电影","电影"是什么呢?就是一个宾语 看 is a verb which is following with 电影 . What is 电影's part of speech in this sentence? It's a nominal object
所以呢,而且是一个名词性的宾语,所以我们说"看"是一个及物动词。 so we say 看 is a transitive verbs.
例二:请喝茶,"喝"是一个动词 那么它的后面有宾语呢"茶",而且"茶"是一个名词,所以呢我们说,这个"喝"啊也是一-
Example two:Please have some tea.喝 is a verb,茶 is a nominal object.So we say 喝 is
个及物动词 (2)不及物动词 a transitive verbs.(2)intransitive verbs
不能带名词或者短语和代词作宾语的呢叫做不及物动词 像"活、 醒、 休息、 出发"等。 Verbs which cannot immediately take an object are called intransitive verbs. For example:活 醒 休息 出发 etc.
我们来看一下例子:第一例 孩子醒了吗?这个"醒"后面没有出现或者不能出现 Let's look at the examples.Example one:Is the child awake? 醒 cannot take any
名词性的宾语或者是代词性的宾语,所以我们说"醒"啊就是一个 不及物动词。 nominal object or pronominal object.That's why we say 醒 is an intransitive verb.
第二例:后天早上八点出发,千万别 忘了。 Example two:Don't forget that we are going to leave at eight the day after tomorrow.
这个"出发"呢也是一个不及物动词,为什么呢?就是出发后面 不能带名词性的或者代词性的宾语。
出发 is an intransitive verb which cannot take any nominal object or pronominal object.
2.
按所带的宾语分类 动词可以按,按照所带宾语的性质 分为体宾动词和谓宾动词。 Verbs can be grouped into two kinds according to the character of the object they take:Object verb and Predicate verb
(1)体宾动词 能带名词或者短语、 (1)Object verb Verbs which can take an object of noun,phrase
代词作宾语的呢叫做 体宾动词,像"买、 卖、 画、 or pronoun are called object verb.For example:买、 卖、 画
写、 做、 听"等 我们来看一下例子,第一例:他买书 那么这个"买"就是一个所谓的体宾动词。
写、 做、 听 etc.Let's have a look at the sentences.Example one:He buy a book.
买 is what we called object verb.
为什么?这个"书"啊,是一个名词 所以呢我们叫体宾动词。 Why?That's because 书 is a noun,so we call it object verb.
第二例:孩子在画画儿。 Example two: Children are drawing.
这个"画" 也是一个体宾动词。 画 is also a object verb.
为什么呢?这个"画"是一个名词性的宾语 所以我们说"画"就是一个体宾动词。 Why? 画 is a nominal object,so we say 画 is also a object verb.
(2)谓宾动词 只能带动词或者短语、 Predicate Object Verb Verbs which can only take an object of verb,verbal phrase
形容词或者短语做宾语的叫做谓宾动词,像"觉得 认为、 or adjective,adjective phrase are called object verb.For example:觉得 认为、
希望、 开始、 继续、 值得"等 我们来看一下例一,例子,例一:我觉得有点热 希望、 开始、 继续、 值得 and so on.Let's have a look at the sentences.
Example one:I feel a little bit hot.
"觉得"这个动词,那么它的宾语是什么呢? 有点热。 觉得 is a verb, what is its object? a little bit hot.
那么"有点热"是什么呢?是一个形容词的短语 所以我们叫它是一个什么呢?谓宾动词 What is 有点热? It is a adjective phrase, so we call it predicate object verb.
第二例:大家都希望参加比赛。 Example two:Everyone want to join in this competition.
这个"希望"是个动词 它的宾语是"参加比赛","参加比赛"是一个什么呢?是一个动词短语
希望 is a verb.Its object is 参加比赛.What is 参加比赛? It's a verbal phrase.
所以呢我们说这个"希望"啊就是一个谓宾动词 (二)动词的作用 1. So we say 希望 is a predicate object verb.(二)The Function of Verbs 1.
做谓语。 As the predicate
动词啊经常用来做谓语。 Verbs can always serve as a predicate.
我们看一下例一:我看。 Let's have a look at example one:I see.
这个"看" 是个动词,那么它作为谓语。 看 is a verb,served as a predicate here.
例二:孩子们唱歌 那么这也是一个谓语。 Example Two: The children are singing. 唱歌 is also served as a predicate.
2. 2.
"动词+的"做定语。 动词+的 can serve as the attribute.
我们来看一下例子。 Let's look at the examples.
例一:这是吃的 东西,不是喝的东西。 Example one:This is something to eat, not something to drink.
那么"吃"是一个动词 后面加上一个"的",做什么呢?做"东西"的定语 Then 吃 is a verb,what is it by adding a 的.吃 can serve as the attribute of 东西.
"喝的","喝"是一个动词,后面带上"的"以后呢也是 做东西的定语。 About 喝的, 喝 is a verb,it can serve as the attribute of 东西 by adding a 的.
例二:睡觉 的那个人是谁?那么"睡觉"是一个动词 Example two: Who is the man asleep? Then 睡觉 is a verb,
它后面加上"的"以后来做"那个人"的定语. it can serve as the attribute of 那个人 by adding a 的
所以我们说"动词+的"那么也是可以做定语的 3. So we say 动词+的 can serve as the attribute.
做宾语。 As the Object
我们来看一下例子 例一:今天可以玩儿。 Let look at example one:You can play today.
"玩"是一个动词,那么 它是做什么呢?"可以"的宾语。 玩 is a verb, then what is it ? It can serve as the object.
例二呢,妹妹爱哭 "哭"也是个动词,它是做"爱"这个动词的宾语 4. Example two:My little sister is tearful.哭 is also a verb in the Chinese sentence.It is served as the object of the verb 爱 .
做补语。 As the Complement
那么动词呢也可以经常用来做补语 我们来看一下例一:书弄丢了。 Then the verbs can always serve as a complement. Let's look at example one: I lost the book .
"丢"是一个动词,那么在这儿呢做的是补语 第二例:你把孩子带走吧。 丢 is a verb,it serve as the complement in this sentence. Example two:Please take away the children.
"走"也是个动词 那么在这儿呢它也是一个补语,做这个"带"的补语 5. 走 is also a verb.It serve as the complement of 带 in this sentence. 5.
做主语。 As the Subject
动词呢,也可以做主语。 Verbs can serve as subject.
我们来看下例一 笑比哭好。 Let's have a look at example one: Laughing is better than crying.
"笑"是一个动词,那么在这儿是一个什么呢?主语,就是一个 topic 例二呢:复习比不复习好。
笑 is a verb,it serve as the subject here,it's a topic.
Example two:Revision is better than no study.
这个"复习"也是一个动词 所以呢,在这儿它也是一个 topic,所以也是一个主语 复习 is also a verb.It's a topic which serve as the subject.